Computer-aided parallelizing of computation graphs

ABSTRACT

An approach to automatically specifying, or assisting with the specification of, a parallel computation graph involves determining data processing characteristics of the linking elements that couple data processing elements of the graph. The characteristics of the linking elements are determined according to the characteristics of the upstream and/or downstream data processing elements associated with the linking element, for example, to enable computation by the parallel computation graph that is equivalent to computation of an associated serial graph.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application60/482,391, filed Jun. 25, 2003, which is incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND

This invention relates to parallel processing of data and moreparticularly to computer-aided specification of parallel computationgraphs.

Complex computations can often be expressed as a data flow through adirected graph, with components of the computation being associated withthe vertices of the graph and data flows between the componentscorresponding to links (arcs, edges) of the graph. A system thatimplements such graph-based computations is described in U.S. Pat. No.5,966,072, EXECUTING COMPUTATIONS EXPRESSED As GRAPHS.

Referring to FIG. 1A, an example of a computation graph 100 includes aninput file 110 and an output file 140. Input file 110 is the source of aseries of work elements, such as data records each associated with aseparate transaction in a transaction processing system. Each workelement is first processed by a component A 120, passed over a seriallink 125, and then processed by a component B 130. The outputs ofcomponent B are stored in output file 140.

It can be desirable to implement a computation graph using multipleinstances of individual components. For example, each instance of acomponent may be hosted on a different processor, thereby achieving acoarse-grain parallelism that provides an overall increase incomputation capacity. Referring to FIG. 1B, a specification of aparallelized computation graph 101 includes input file 110 and outputfile 140 as in the serial computation graph 100. A parallel component A121 represents m instances of component A 120 arranged in parallel, anda parallel component B 131 represents m instances of component B 130represented in parallel. A parallel link 126 joins parallel component A121 and parallel component B 131. In the representation of parallelcomputation graphs, such as the one in FIG. 1B, parallel components areindicated using bold lines, and optional indicators of the degrees ofparallelism (e.g., “m” in FIG. 1B) adjacent to the components.

Referring to FIG. 1C, parallelized computation graph 101 is representedin explicit serial form, with m instances of component A 120 (labeled A1through Am) arranged in parallel. In order to distribute work elementsfrom input file 110, a 1:m partition element 115 is inserted betweeninput file 110 and the m instances of component A that make parallelcomponent A 121, which includes the m instances of component A 120.Partition element 115 takes work elements on one input, and sends eachinput to one of the m outputs, for example, in a round-robin manner. Am:1 gather element 135 takes the outputs of the m component Bs 120 on minput lines and merges the inputs, for example according to theirarrival times, for output to output file 140. Parallel link 126 isrepresented in this example as a parallel combination of serial linksjoining corresponding instances of component A and component B.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, in general, the invention features a method forautomatically specifying a parallel computation graph. A specificationof a first computation graph is accepted. The graph has data processingelements that are joined by linking elements and each linking element isassociated with an upstream data processing element and a downstreamdata processing element. For each of one or more of the linkingelements, data processing characteristics of the linking element aredetermined according to the characteristics of the upstream and/ordownstream data processing elements associated with the linking element.

Each data processing element can be represented as a vertex, and eachlinking element can be represented as an arc, of the computation graph.

In another aspect, in general, the invention features an automatedapproach to specifying a computation graph with one or more parallelcomponents. The approach includes using metadata characterizing inputrequirements for a data flow of a downstream parallel component andspecifying at least one functional element for processing the data flowto satisfy the input requirements of the downstream parallel component.

The functional elements can include a partition element. A partitionelement can include, for example, a hash partition element, around-robin partition element, or a broadcast element.

A functional element can include a gather element, which can alsoinclude a sorting element.

An interconnection network can link the functional elements.

The approach can also include determining characteristics of an outputdata flow of a component based on metadata for the component. Thesecharacteristics can also or in addition be based on characteristics ofone or more of the input flows for the component. Determining thecharacteristics of the output flow can include applying one or morerules, and/or can include executing one or more procedural statements.

In another aspect, in general, the invention features a method forparallelizing a computation graph. A specification of the computationgraph is accepted. The computation graph includes a first component anda second component coupled by a link. A specification of a degree ofparallelism of the first component and/or of the second component isalso accepted. An inter-component link that corresponds to the seriallink is formed having parallel characteristics based at least upon thespecified degree of parallelism.

In another aspect, in general, the invention features a computerimplemented method for parallelizing a serial computation graph. Themethod includes repeated applications of steps including: (a) mappingcharacteristics of input flows to a component of the parallelized graphinto characteristics of one or more output flows of that component, (b)determining characteristics for functional elements that implement alink between two components based on required input characteristics of acomponent that accepts data from that link, and (c) determining thecharacteristics of an input flow of a component based on characteristicsof an output flow from another component upstream and determinedcharacteristics of functional elements of a link joining that otherupstream component and the component.

In another aspect, in general, the invention features an approach toimplementing flows of data that are sorted according to a sort order inwhich, in addition to the sorted data, one or more indicators related tothe sort order are passed on the flows. At least some of the indicatorsidentify a place in the sort order for the data such that subsequentdata on the flow occurs no earlier than the identified place in the sortorder.

Aspects of the invention can have one or more or the followingadvantages:

A serial computation graph can be parallelized without any, or withlimited, input from a user, thereby simplifying the process of designinga parallelized computation graph.

The automated procedure is less error prone because the automated systemcan verify the input requirements of components in the graph aresatisfied rather than relying on a user to satisfy the inputrequirements.

Aspects of the invention involve technical considerations related toguaranteeing the functional equivalence of a parallel computation graphand an initial serial (or parallel) computation graph. A technicaleffect is that the computations specified by a serial computation graphcan be distributed for parallel execution on a number of separateprocessors, thereby increasing the throughput of the parallel executionas compared to serial execution.

Other features and advantages of the invention are apparent from thefollowing description, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a serial computation graph.

FIG. 1B is a parallelized computation graph.

FIG. 1C is a serial representation of the parallelized computation graphshown in FIG. 11B.

FIG. 2A is a portion of a parallelized computation graph.

FIG. 2B is a portion of a parallelized computation graph with elementsrepresented on an inter-component link.

FIG. 2C is a serial representation of the portion of the parallelizedcomputation graph shown in FIG. 2B.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an automatic parallelizing procedure.

DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIGS. 1A-1C, serial computation graph 100 shown in FIG. 1A,which is an example of a simple computation graph, can in somecircumstances be implemented as parallel computation graph 101 shown inFIGS. 1B-1C. For example, if each work element from input file 110 canbe processed independently of all other work elements, then a parallelcomputation graph 101 will perform the same computations as serialcomputation graph 100. Note that although the same computations areperformed the order of the work elements received by output file 140 isnot necessarily the same in serial graph 100 as in parallel graph 101.In this example, the order of output work elements is not critical tothe function of the computation network.

Depending on characteristics of component A 120, a particular type ofpartition element 115 may be required to divide up the input elementsfor processing in the various instances of component A. For example, ifcomputation graph 100 is for processing transaction records that areeach associated with a particular account, then in order that theparallel computation graph be functionally equivalent to the serialgraph, it may be required that all records for any particular account beprocessed by a common instance of component A 120. Such a requirement issatisfied in serial graph 100 because there is only one instance ofcomponent A 120. In parallel graph 101, the requirement that all recordsfor a particular account go to a common instance of component A is notguaranteed for some forms of 1:m partition element 115, such a for around-robin partition element. In this example, a suitable partitionelement 115 maps the value of the account field in each record accordingto a hash function into m different values, each associated with one onthe outputs of partition element 115. Records that yield any particularhash value are all sent to the same output, and therefore are processedby a common instance of component A 120 in parallel graph 101. Such a1:m partition element 115 is referred to as a hash partition element.The hash function is designed so that on average, a balanced number ofrecords are sent to each of the outputs of partition element 115.

In specifying a parallel computation graph 101 based on a serialcomputation graph 100, a user transforms a specification of the serialgraph to preserve a desired function of the serial graph. For example,for the serial graph shown in FIG. 1A, the user can specify the degreeof parallelism (m) for components A 120 and B 120 (in this example bothhave the same degree of parallelism), add partition element 115 andgather element 135 into the graph, and specify the characteristics ofthe added elements. For example, if component A 120 requires recordspartitioned according to an account number, the user recognizes therequirements of component A 120 and manually configures partitionelement 115 to divide the records according to a hash value of theaccount number.

In general, depending on the characteristics of component A 120, theuser specifying partition element 115 may choose among various types ofpartition elements. These types of partition elements include, but arenot necessarily limited to:

-   -   a hash partition element, specified by the key or keys in each        work element according to which the work elements are        partitioned;    -   a round-robin partition element, in which work elements are        divided without regard to key values of the work elements,        typically cycling between the different outputs; and    -   a broadcast partition element, in which a copy of each input        work element is passed to each of the outputs.

The user specifying parallel graph 101 may also have to specify thecharacteristics of gather element 135. For example, the input workelements may be sorted according to a key value of the work elements,such as the account number in transaction records. In serial graph 100,that order would be preserved. However, in parallel graph 101, thatorder may be disturbed if the different branches process their outputsat even slightly different rates. Therefore, if the order in theresulting output file 140 is to match that detained using serial graph100, the user can specify that gather element 135 should sort its inputsaccording to a particular key, such as the account number, in the workelements it receives from the various branches.

Depending on the desired characteristics of the output gather element135, and any assumptions that can be made about the input to the gatherelement, the user specifying the parallel graph chooses a type of gatherelement. The available types of gather elements include, but are notlimited to:

-   -   an arbitrary gather element in which work elements are passed        from input to output in an arbitrary order, for example,        according to their arrival time at the gather element; and    -   a sorted gather element in which the inputs are sorted according        to a key before being passed to the output.

Referring back to FIG. 1A, there may be situations in which it is notpossible to partition work elements from input file 110 in a manner thatis suitable for both component A 120 and component B 130. For example,in the case of transaction records, it may be necessary to partitionwork elements by an account number for component A and by a payee forcomponent B. In such cases, direct links between corresponding instancesof component A and component B as shown in FIG. 1C would not in generalbe acceptable. Another situation in which such direct links would not bepossible is when a different degree of parallelism is desired forcomponent A than for component B. For example, if component A requirestwice the resources of component B, then twice as many instances ofcomponent A could be specified, thereby making direct links betweendifferent corresponding instances of components A and B impossible.

Referring to FIGS. 2A-2C, in a more general example, specifying aparallel computation graph that is functionally equivalent to a serialgraph is performed in several steps. FIG. 2A shows a portion of aparallel graph 200 that includes parallel components A 210 and B 240,which are linked by an inter-component link (ICL) 205. In therepresentation of the graph in FIG. 2A, the parallel characteristics ofICL 205 are not explicit. These characteristics are determined in thisapproach such that the computations performed by parallel graph 200 areequivalent to a serial graph in which components A and B have degree 1.In FIG. 2A, component A is indicated to have parallel degree m andcomponent B is indicated to have parallel degree n, where m is notnecessarily equal to n. The characteristics of ICL 205 depend on factorswhich can include the requirements (e.g., partitioning or orderingrequirements) of the inputs of the serial instances of parallelcomponent B 240 and/or characteristics (e.g., partitioning or sortingcharacteristics) of the outputs of the serial instances of parallelcomponent A 210.

Referring to FIG. 2B, a second parallel graph 201 represents ICL 205 asa network of interconnected elements. This network provides a linkbetween parallel component A 121 and parallel component B 131 andperforms a suitable “shuffling” of work elements between the serialcomponents that make up the parallel components such that the overallfunction of the graph correct. The network representation of ICL 205performs such shuffling using a parallel partition element 221, whichtakes the output of parallel component A 121, an interconnection network225, and a parallel gather element 231, whose outputs provide the inputsto parallel component B 131.

In this example, parallel component A 210 has a degree of parallelism ofm, while parallel component B 240 has a parallel degree of parallelismn, which is not necessarily the same as m. The parallel link betweenparallel component A 121 and parallel partition element 221 represents mserial links. The output of parallel partition element 221 represents mn(m times n) serial links. Interconnection network 225 has mn inputs andmn outputs. Parallel gather element 231 has mn inputs and n outputs.

Referring to FIG. 2C, in a serial representation of the portion ofparallel computation graph 201 shown in FIG. 2B, parallel partitionelement 221 is implemented by m instances of a partition element 220.Each of these partition elements is a 1:n partition element that issimilar to the partition element 115 shown in FIGS. 1B-1C. Parallelgather element 231 is implemented by n instances of a gather element230. Each of these gather elements is a m:1 gather element that issimilar to gather element 135 in FIGS. 1B-1C. Interconnection network225 is implemented as a cross-connection of serial links in which everyinstance of partition element 220 is connected to every instance ofgather element 230. In some alternative representations of parallelgraphs, a single symbol or icon is used to represent the combination ofpartition element 221 and interconnection network 225, and thiscombination is also referred to as “partition element”.

Thus, a user specifying a network representation of ICL 205, which linksparallel component A 121 and parallel component B 131 as shown in FIG.2B specifies the characteristics of parallel partition element 221 andparallel gather element 231 (together with interconnection network 225forming inter-component link (ICL) 205). The user chooses thesecharacteristics based on recognizing requirements of the downstreamcomponent B 130, and on any assumptions that the user can make about thecharacteristics of the outputs of the instances of component A 120 thatmake up the upstream parallel component A 121.

As an example of specification of the characteristics of inter-componentlink 205, suppose that component A 210 requires work elements to bepartitioned according to an account number, while component B 240requires the outputs to be partitioned according to a postal zip code.Assuming that the inputs to components A were suitably partitioned, thenthe outputs of components A will also be partitioned in the same way.That is, in this example, the outputs of components A 210 in FIG. 2Bwill be partitioned according to account number. Each of 1:n partitionelements 220 of the inter-component link is a hash partition elementthat uses a zip code key within each word element determine to whichoutput to pass the work element. Work elements with the same zip codewill in general have been processed by different instances of componentA 210, and therefore will pass through different instances of 1:n hashelement 220. The output from each 1:n hash partition element 220 thatcorresponds to the same hash value is passed to a common gather element230 of the inter-component link. In this example, the order of workelements presented to component B is not important, so each gatherelement 230 passes work elements to a corresponding component in theorder of their arrival.

An automated or computer-assisted approach to parallelizing a serialgraph determines the network representation of ICL 205 and thecharacteristics of the overall link and the elements (e.g., partitionelements) of the network representation. A user uses a graphrepresentation as shown in FIG. 2A without necessarily considering thenetwork structure of ICL 205 as shown in FIG. 2B. The approach adds theelements of inter-component links to accomplish essentially the sameresult as the approach described above without requiring a user toexplicitly insert the partition, interconnect, and gather elements ofthe network representation of the inter-component links.

One aspect of this automated or computer-assisted approach relates tothe use of information that characterizes the requirements of inputs ofsome or all of the components in a computation graph and a way ofdetermining characteristics of outputs of some or all of the components.The information needed for this is stored as metadata associated withthe components. This metadata is used by the automated parallelizationprocedures.

One or more components in an serial graph (e.g., graph 200) eachincludes metadata related to characteristics of each of the inputs thatare required by the component. For example, if a particular input of thecomponent is required to be partitioned in a particular way, the inputmetadata for that input may include an indicator according to which thekey or field the work elements must be partitioned. If a component hasmultiple inputs, each input has separate metadata associated with it.For example, one input may indicate that copies of all work elementsmust be delivered to the input, while another input may indicate thatthe work elements must be partitioned by the account number of each workelement.

Metadata characteristics for an input to a component may include one ormore of:

-   -   An indicator that if partitioned, the input must be partitioned        according to a particular key or keys;    -   An indicator that each instance of the component must receive        copies of all work elements on its input; and    -   An indicator that the input must be sorted, and the key or keys        that define the sort order.

Another characterization of one or more of the components relates tocharacteristics of each output flow based on the characteristics of theinput flows of the component and characteristics of the componentitself. One example of such a characterization is for a component thatprocesses each work element it receives on its input flow in order. Forsuch a component, if the input work elements are sorted according to aparticular key, then because there is no re-ordering within thecomponent, the output work elements are also sorted according to thatsame key. Similarly, if a component receives work elements that havebeen partitioned according to a particular key, if the value of that keyis not modified by the component, then the output work elements willremain partitioned according to that key. (Note that if the componentmodifies the value of the key, then the output will not longernecessarily be partitioned according to the modified value of the key.)

In general, this characterization defines a component-specific mappingfunction that accepts the characteristics of each of the input flows ofthe components, and produces characteristics for each of the outputflows.

Characterizations of flows are similar to characterizations ofrequirements of inputs for components. In particular, a characterizationof a flow can include:

-   -   An indicator that the flow includes only a partitioned subset of        the work elements, and if partitioned, the particular key or        keys according to which the flow has been partitioned; and    -   An indicator that the flow is sorted, and the key or keys that        define the sort order.

A number of alternative ways of encoding the mapping from inputcharacteristics to output characteristics for a component can be used.For instance, the mapping can be explicitly encoded in proceduralstatements associated with the component. Another way of encoding themapping is based on indicators of which key values in work elements maybe modified by the component, thereby potentially disturbing sort ordersor partitioning based on that key, as well as explicit indicatorsregarding sorting, reordering, or partitioning that are explicitlyimplemented by that component. The mapping is then based on the inputcharacteristics and these indications, for instance using a set ofgeneric or component-specific rules. Examples of such mapping rulesinclude the following:

-   -   For a component with one input and one output that does not        indicate that it modifies the value of a key key1, an input that        is partitioned according to key1 yields an output that remains        partitioned according to key1;    -   For a component with one input and one output that does not        indicate that it modifies the value of a key key2, an input that        is sorted according to key1 and then key2 yields an output that        is sorted according to key1 alone;    -   A component that indicates it reorders its input work elements,        an input that is sorted yields an output that does not indicate        that it is sorted any more, because the component may have        disturbed the sort order; and    -   A component that explicitly implements a sort according to the        value of a key key1 will indicate that the output is sorted        according to key1 regardless of the sort order of the input.

Some components may rename fields in work elements. The metadata forsuch a component identifies such renaming, and the outputcharacteristics are expressed in terms of the new named variables. Forexample, if the input is partitioned according to an “account” key, andthe “account” field is renamed as the “customer” field, then the outputis characterized as being partitioned according to the “customer” field.

Referring to FIG. 3, an automated procedure 300 for specifying aparallel computation graph from a serial computation graph begins withaccepting a specification of the serial graph to be parallelized (step310). This specification includes a specification of the structure ofthe graph, also referred to as the topology of the graph, whichspecifies which outputs of each component are connected by flows to eachinput of another component. The specification also includes the metadatafor each component described above: the input requirements, if any, foreach input of one or more component, and the mappings between inputcharacteristics and output characteristics for the components or othercharacterization of the outputs of the component. Note that thismetadata is optional in that some components may not specify any inputrequirements, and some components may not provide a mapping that yieldsthe characteristics of their output flows. If a component does notspecify any input characteristics, the procedure does not necessarilyenforce any particular characteristics for its input flows. If acomponent does not provide a mapping that yields characteristics of itsoutput flows, then the procedure does not necessarily make anyassumptions regarding those characteristics.

In this procedure, the user specifies the desired degree of parallelismfor each of the components in the computation graph. As an example ofapplication of this procedure, consider the simple serial computationgraph 100 shown in FIG. 1A. Assume that the user specifies thatcomponent A 120 is to have m=3 parallel instances and component B 130 isto have n=5 parallel instances. In this example, input file 110 andoutput file 140 have a parallel degree of 1, representing physical filesthat support serial access.

For each link in the initial serial graph, the procedure determines thecharacteristics of an inter-component link (i.e., a partition element,interconnection network, and gather element) to implement the seriallink in the parallel computation graph. The procedure cycles betweenfour phases:

-   (a) mapping link characteristics from the inputs to the outputs of    one or more components (step 320);-   (b) for each inter-component link for which the characteristics of    the output of the upstream component are known, determine the    characteristics for the inter-component link, including for the    partition element, interconnection network, and gather element of    the inter-component link, based on any known requirements of the    downstream inputs (step 330);-   (c) for each of the inter-component links processed in step (b),    determine the resulting characteristics of the input flows of the    downstream components that are associated with the outputs of the    inter-component link (step 340); and-   (d) insert the components of the network representations of    inter-component links between the corresponding components of the    parallel graph (step 350).

When all the parallel links have been processed (step 360), anequivalent serial computation graph is formed by expanding each of theparallel components.

In the mapping phase of the procedure (step 320), characteristics of theone or more output flows from generally less than all of the componentsare calculated. For instance, on the initial iteration, thecharacteristics of the flows from components that have no inputs can becomputed. In subsequent iterations, the mapping for any component forwhich the input characteristics have been computed for all the inputflows for that component is used to determine the characteristics of theoutput flows of that component.

In the next phase (step 330), the characteristics of the partition andgather elements of one or more inter-component links are determinedbased on the degree of parallelism of the upstream component (m) and ofthe downstream component (n) of that link, the characteristics of theoutput flow from the upstream component, and the requirements of theinput flow of the downstream component. There are several cases that canbe dealt with directly:

(P1) If m≠n and the input flow to the downstream component does not needto be partitioned or sorted according to any particular key, and theinput flow does not need a copy of each work element, then correspondinginstances of the upstream and downstream components are connecteddirected, as is shown in the example in FIG. 1B. Note that thisessentially corresponds to degenerate forms of the partition and gatherelements.

(P2) If m≠n and the input flow to the downstream component does not needto be partitioned according to any particular key, and the input flowdoes not need a copy of each work element, then the partition element ofthe inter-component link is defined to perform a round-robindistribution.

(P3) If the input flow to the downstream component requires the workelements to be partitioned according to a set of keys that is differentthan the partitioning of the output flow of the upstream component, thepartitioning element performs a hash partition according to the requiredkey values.

(P4) If the input flow requires a copy of each work element, then thepartition element of the inter-component link is defined to perform abroadcast function.

For each of cases (P2)-(P4), there are a number of special cases relatedto the gather element of the inter-component link to accommodate theinput flow characteristics of the downstream component:

(G1) If the input flow of the downstream component requires the input tobe sorted according to a particular set of keys, and the outputs of theupstream components are sorted according to those same keys, then thegather element performs a sorted gather. In a sorted gather, the gatherelement assumes that the work elements on each of its inputs are sorted,and it selects which input to select next as an output according to thesort key in order to achieve a correct sort order for its output.

(G2) If the input flow of the downstream component requires the input tobe sorted according to a particular set of keys, (key1, . . . , key J),and the outputs of the upstream components are sorted according to a setof keys (key1, . . . , key J, . . . keyK), then the gather elementperforms a sorted gather. For J=K, this reduces to special case (G1).

(G3) If the input flow requires the input to be sorted according to aparticular set of keys, and the outputs of the upstream components arenot sorted according to a compatible set of keys, then the gatherelement performs a sort.

Other forms of partition and gather elements can also be used. Forexample, in the case in which m=n and the downstream component does notrequire any particular partitioning, but does require sorting accordingto a particular key, corresponding upstream and downstream componentscan be connected by an inter-component link having only aone-input/one-output “gather” element that performs the required sort.Note that the input to the inter-component link maintains thepartitioning and the inter-component link adds the sortedcharacteristic.

In the next phase of the cycle (step 340), the characteristics of inputflows of the downstream components are determined from thecharacteristics of the output flows of the upstream components and thecharacteristics of the intervening inter-component link. Note that, ingeneral, at least the required characteristics for the input will bepresent on those flows. Additional characteristics, which may bereflected in characteristics of output flows of the component, may alsobe present. For example, in the case where the flow was partitionedaccording to one key and the downstream component requires its input tobe sorted on another key, the resulting flow is both partitioned andsorted, even though only sorting is required.

In the last phase of the cycle (step 350) the elements of the networkrepresentation of the inter-component link are added to the graph.

At the end of each iteration of the cycle (steps 320-350),characteristics of additional input flows to components are computed.When the initial computation graph is acyclic, this procedure terminateswhen all the links in the initial graph have been processed.

An approach to restarting the procedure if all links have not beenprocessed, for instance if the characteristics of the output flow of theupstream component have not been computed, is to make no assumptionsregarding the characteristics of the flow in determining thecharacteristics of the inter-component link. Such a restarting may berequired in computation graphs that are not acyclic, or in graphs inwhich metadata is not available for some components. For example, eventhough the flow was already in fact partitioned, a redundant partitionelement may be inserted in the inter-component link. Although possiblyinefficient, the correct functioning of the parallel graph would stillbe preserved.

In the automated procedure described above, the insertion of thecomponents of the inter-component links may be explicitly indicated tothe user. Alternatively, the user does not have to be aware of thenature of the inter-component links that are introduced on each of thelinks of the original serial computation graph. A user interface canhide these partition and gather elements, or provide for an optionaldisplay of these elements controlled by the user, rather than displayingthe network representation of the inter-component links by default.

In a computer-assisted (e.g., partially automated) mode, the user guidesthe procedure by explicitly introducing some of the partition and gatherelements. For instance, the user may specify that a particular partitionand gather element, or some other form of element, be used on a parallellink before the automated procedure is applied, thereby overriding theautomatic procedure for that link. In another aspect of thecomputer-assisted mode, the user can examine the result of the automatedprocessing, and may modify the partition and gather elements of aninter-component link. Note that after the user has modified the link,the automated procedure optionally propagates the flow characteristicsdownstream from that link, and downstream changes may result in newspecifications of downstream inter-component links.

In another computer-assisted mode, an automated procedure verifies thatinput requirements of each component are satisfied, and notifies theuser if that is not the case. The user can then introduce elements tomeet the input requirements, and then the system can automaticallyre-check the refined design. As a variant of this mode, the system maysuggest modifications of the graph (for example, possible insertions ofpartition or gather elements on inter-component links) in order to meetthe input requirements, and the user either confirms that the suggestedmodification be used, or provides an alternative modification (e.g.,insertion of a different element, or specification of differentcharacteristics for an inserted element).

In the parallelizing approach described above, the user chooses thespecific degrees of parallelism for each of the components beforeapplying the automatic procedure. In an alternative approach, the useronly identifies which components will be parallelized, or variablesassociated with their degrees of parallelism, but does not necessarilyspecific the numerical degree of parallelism that is desired. The resultis a “generic” parallel computation graph in which the characteristicsof each inter-component link determined, but like the parallelcomponents, specific realizations of the parallel elements in thenetwork representation of the inter-component link have not yet beendetermined. When using specific values for the desired degrees ofparallelism for the components are specified (e.g., at run-time for thegraph), the generic graph is realized in a specific parallelized form.

In the parallelization approach described above, flow characteristicsare propagated in what is essentially a “flooding” approach that is, thecharacteristics of the data flows propagate “downstream” in the samedirection as the data flows themselves. Alternative approaches can beused. For example, upstream propagation may be used. A simple example ofsuch upstream propagation can be used when there is a series of twocomponents, A and B. If both A and B have the same degree ofparallelism, and B requires partitioning according to a key, and A doesnot require any particular partitioning, then the partitioningrequirement can be propagated upstream so that A will also require thesame partitioning as B. In this way, it may be possible to use directlinks between corresponding instances of A and B without introducingexplicit partition and gather elements between A and B.

A component of a serial graph may also represent an entire serialsubnetwork. One approach to the automatic parallelizing approach is toparallelize the subnetwork as if the serial subnetwork were fullyexpanded within its host graph.

In an alternative approach, the serial subnetwork is parallelizedindependently of the network in which it is hosted. Metadatacharacterizing the subnetwork as a whole, including an overall mappingof flow characteristics through the subnetwork, are computed for useduring the parallelizing procedure for the host network based on themetadata for the components within the subgraph.

One type of element that may be used in the parallelized computationgraphs described above is a sorted merge element. As noted above, asorted merge element assumes that the work elements on each of itsinputs are sorted according to a particular sort order and that thesorted merge element must produce an overall merged output according tothe same sort order. The basic procedure that is followed by such asorted merge element is to consider each work element that is pending ateach of its inputs, and to pass through the next work element accordingto the sort order, as an output.

However, if there is no pending work element at any one of the inputs,the sorted merge cannot pass any work elements because it does not knowwhether a later arriving work element on that input will occur earlierin the sort order than the already pending inputs. The work elementswould then be held up until an end-of-flow indicator is received on thelink, at which time the sorted merge element can assume that no morework elements will arrive on that flow.

There may be situations in which such blocking behavior will occur in aparallelized graph. For example, suppose that the outputs of each of minstances or a component A are sorted according to a key key1 and that adownstream component B requires that its inputs be sorted according to akey key2 and partitioned according to key key1. If the partitioning ofthe outputs of A according to key1 is not specified by the metadata, aparallelizing approach is to use a hash partition element within aninter-component link that partitions according to key1, followed bysorted gathers that sort according to key2. However, if the outputs ofcomponents A are already hash partitioned, then for each hash partitionelement, only one output will receive any work elements. Also as aresult, at the sorted merge elements, only a single input for eachsorted merge element will receive input. This will unnecessarily blockthe entire flow until an end-of-flow indicator is passed from the hashpartition element to the sorted merge element.

A way of avoiding this situation is for a hash partition element thatreceives a sorted input to repeatedly send a sort value indicator oneach of its output links to indicate a value in the sort order that hasbeen reached by at least one of its outputs. This sort value indicatorsignals a downstream component that no work element with an earliervalue in the sort order will be provided over this link. A sorted mergeelement that receives such a sort value indicator uses the indicator todetermine whether it can pass a pending work element from another of itsinputs, for example, because it has a sort value that precedes the valuein the received sort value indicator.

A sort value indicator can be sent as often as possible based on theflow of work elements through a component, or can be sent lessfrequently, for example, periodically according to the number of workelements processed or according to time. Sort value indicators can besent on any sorted flow that may be partitioned, and such indicators arebroadcast on the outputs of partition elements that receive theindicators.

Another solution to the problem of blocking downstream sorted mergeelements is to scramble the inputs of the upstream hash partitionelements so that in general, at least some work elements are passed oneach of the outputs of the hash partition elements.

The automatic approach described above can be implemented using softwarefor execution on a computer. For instance, the software forms proceduresin one or more computer programs that execute on one or more programmedor programmable computer systems (which may be of various architecturessuch as distributed, client/server, or grid) each including at least oneprocessor, at least one data storage system (including volatile andnon-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input deviceor port, and at least one output device or port. The software may formone or more modules of a larger program, for example, that providesother services related to the design and configuration of computationgraphs.

The software may be provided on a medium, such as a CD-ROM, readable bya general or special purpose programmable computer or delivered (encodedin a propagated signal) over a network to the computer where it isexecuted. All of the functions may be performed on a special purposecomputer, or using special-purpose hardware, such as coprocessors. Thesoftware may be implemented in a distributed manner in which differentparts of the computation specified by the software are performed bydifferent computers. Each such computer program is preferably stored onor downloaded to a storage media or device (e.g., solid state memory ormedia, or magnetic or optical media) readable by a general or specialpurpose programmable computer, for configuring and operating thecomputer when the storage media or device is read by the computer systemto perform the procedures described herein. The inventive system mayalso be considered to be implemented as a computer-readable storagemedium, configured with a computer program, where the storage medium soconfigured causes a computer system to operate in a specific andpredefined manner to perform the functions described herein.

It is to be understood that the foregoing description is intended toillustrate and not to limit the scope of the invention, which is definedby the scope of the appended claims. Other embodiments are within thescope of the following claims.

1. A method for automated specification of a parallel computation graphincluding: accepting a specification of a computation graph in whichdata processing elements are joined by linking elements, each of thelinking elements being associated with a data flow from an associatedupstream one of the data processing elements to an associated downstreamone of the data processing elements; and for each of one or more of thelinking elements of the computation graph, determining data processingcharacteristics of the linking element according to characteristics ofthe upstream and/or the downstream data processing element associatedwith the linking element.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein each dataprocessing element of the computation graph is represented as a vertexand each linking element is represented as an arc of the computationgraph.
 3. The method of claim 1 further including, for each of the oneor more linking elements, representing said linking element using a dataprocessing element on a data path joining the upstream and thedownstream data processing element associated with that linking element.4. The method of claim 3 wherein representing the linking element usinga data processing element includes configuring said data processingelement according to the data processing characteristics of said linkingelement.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the data processing elementincludes an element from the group consisting of a partition element, agather element, and a sorting element.
 6. The method of claim 1 furtherincluding forming a serial computation graph wherein at least some ofthe data processing elements of the computation graph are eachrepresented as multiple instances of serial data processing elements,and each of the one or more linking elements are each represented usingone or more serial data processing elements coupled by data flows to theinstances of the serial data processing elements.
 7. The method of claim1 wherein the characteristics of the upstream and/or downstream dataprocessing elements include a degree of parallelism for at least some ofthe data processing elements.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein thecharacteristics of the upstream and/or downstream data processingelements include a data characteristic for data provided on an outputport by an upstream data processing element and/or for data received onan input port by a downstream data processing element.
 9. The method ofclaim 8 wherein the data characteristic includes a sortingcharacteristic.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the datacharacteristic includes a partitioning characteristic.
 11. A method forautomated specification of a computation graph with one or more parallelcomponents including: accessing metadata characterizing an inputrequirements for a data flow of a downstream parallel component of theone or more parallel components; and specifying at least one functionalelement for processing the data flow to satisfy the input requirementsof the downstream parallel component.
 12. The method of claim 11 whereinat least one functional element includes a partition element.
 13. Themethod of claim 12 wherein the partition element includes a hashpartition element.
 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the partitionelement includes a round-robin partition element.
 15. The method ofclaim 12 wherein the partition element includes a broadcast element. 16.The method of claim 11 wherein at least one functional element includesa gather element.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the gather elementincludes a sorting element.
 18. The method of claim 11 whereinspecifying at least one functional element includes specifying aninterconnection network coupling two or more function elements.
 19. Themethod of claim 11 further including: determining characteristics of anoutput data flow of a component based on metadata for the component. 20.The method of claim 19 wherein determining the characteristics of theoutput data flow is also based on characteristics of one or more of theinput flows for the component.
 21. The method of claim 19 whereindetermining the characteristics of the output data flow includesapplying one or more rules.
 22. The method of claim 19 whereindetermining the characteristics of the output data flow includesexecuting one or more procedural statements.
 23. A computer program,stored on a computer-readable medium, for processing a specification ofa graph-based computations, the computer program including instructionsfor causing a computer system to: accept a specification of acomputation graph in which data processing elements are joined bylinking elements, each of the linking elements being associated with adata flow from an associated upstream one of the data processingelements to an associated downstream one of the data processingelements; and for each of one or more of the linking elements of thecomputation graph, determine data processing characteristics of thelinking element according to characteristics of the upstream and/or thedownstream data processing element associated with the linking element.24. A system for processing a specification of a graph-basedcomputations including: means for accepting a specification of acomputation graph in which data processing elements are joined bylinking elements, each of the linking elements being associated with adata flow from an associated upstream one of the data processingelements to an associated downstream one of the data processingelements; and means for determining characteristics of linking elements,including for each of one or more of the linking elements of thecomputation graph, determining data processing characteristics of thelinking element according to characteristics of the upstream and/or thedownstream data processing element associated with the linking element.25. A method for parallelizing a computation graph, including: acceptinga specification of the computation graph, said computation graphincluding a first component and a second component coupled by a link;accepting a specification of a degree of parallelism of the firstcomponent and/or of the second component; and forming an inter-componentlink corresponding to the serial link and having parallelcharacteristics based at least upon the specified degree of parallelism.26. The method of claim 25 wherein the computation graph is a serialcomputation graph, and wherein the link coupling the first component andthe second component is a serial link.
 27. The method of claim 26wherein the serial computation graph includes a plurality of seriallinks coupling components of the computation graph, and wherein themethod includes forming a parallelized computation graph from the serialcomputation graph.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein forming theparallelized computation graph includes for each of the plurality ofserial links replacing the serial link with an inter-component linkhaving parallel characteristics.
 29. The method of claim 25 wherein thelink couples an output flow of the first component to an input flow ofthe second component.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein theinter-component link has parallel characteristics based upon at leastcharacteristics of the output flow of the first component.
 31. Themethod of claim 29 wherein the inter-component link has parallelcharacteristics based upon at least characteristics of the input flow ofthe second component.
 32. The method of claim 25 wherein accepting thespecification of the degree of parallelism includes accessing metadataassociated with a component of the computation graph.
 33. A computerprogram, stored on a computer-readable medium, for processing aspecification of a graph-based computations, the computer programincluding instructions for causing a computer system to: accept aspecification of the computation graph, said computation graph includinga first component and a second component coupled by a link; accept aspecification of a degree of parallelism of the first component and/orof the second component; and form an inter-component link correspondingto the serial link and having parallel characteristics based at leastupon the specified degree of parallelism.
 34. A computer implementedmethod for processing a serial computation graph to form a parallelizedcomputation graph including: (a) mapping characteristics of input flowsto a component of the parallelized graph into characteristics of one ormore output flows of that component; (b) determining characteristics forfunctional elements that implement an inter-component link between twocomponents based on required input characteristics of a component thataccepts data from that link; and (c) determining the characteristics ofan input flow of a component based on characteristics of an output flowfrom another component and determined characteristics of functionalelements for a link joining that other component and said component. 35.The method of claim 25 further including: (d) inserting a networkrepresentation of the inter-component link into the parallelizedcomputation graph.
 36. The method of claim 25 where each of (a)-(c) areapplied repeatedly in parallelizing the serial computation graph.
 37. Acomputer program, stored on a computer-readable medium, for processing aserial computation graph to form a parallelized computation graph, thecomputer program including instructions for causing a computer systemto: (a) map characteristics of input flows to a component of theparallelized graph into characteristics of one or more output flows ofthat component; (b) determine characteristics for functional elementsthat implement an inter-component link between two components based onrequired input characteristics of a component that accepts data fromthat link; and (c) determine the characteristics of an input flow of acomponent based on characteristics of an output flow from anothercomponent and determined characteristics of functional elements for alink joining that other component and said component.
 38. A method forprocessing data that is sorted according to a sort order in acomputation graph, including: passing sorted data on one or more flowsin the computation graph; and passing one or more indicators related tothe sort order on the one or more flows; wherein at least some of theindicators on corresponding flows each identify a place in the sortorder for the data such that subsequent data on the corresponding flowoccurs no earlier that the identified place in the sort order.
 39. Acomputer program, stored on a computer-readable medium, for processingdata that is sorted according to a sort order in a computation graph,the computer program including instructions for causing a computersystem to: pass sorted data on one or more flows in the computationgraph; and pass one or more indicators related to the sort order on theone or more flows; wherein at least some of the indicators oncorresponding flows each identify a place in the sort order for the datasuch that subsequent data on the corresponding flow occurs no earlierthat the identified place in the sort order.